The association between dietary quality and insomnia or sleep health among general population

Although most studies were of acceptable methodological quality, the overall certainty of evidence is low. The findings are based mainly on observational, cross-sectional studies with heterogeneity in design and outcome measures. The evidence is further limited by potential bias, confounding, imprecision, and reliance on self-reported data. Longitudinal and interventional studies are needed to confirm causality and clarify underlying mechanisms.

Results

High-quality diet was estimated via the healthy eating index; highest vs. lowest adherence= Comparisons were made between people with the highest adherence to any specific dietary patterns and those with the lowest adherence; DASH=Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy, while limiting salt, saturated fats, sugar, and red meat. The Mediterranean diet is rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, and olive oil. Ultraprocessed food defined as heavily industrially processed items containing artificial additives and high levels of sugar, fat, or salt with low nutritional fiber.