Lisätietoa aiheesta

Kehityksellinen koordinaatiohäiriö ja MABC-2- ja BOT-2-testit

Lisätietoa aiheesta
5.6.2024
Piritta Asunta ja Lauri Hietaharju

Käytetyin ja tutkituin standardoitu motorisia taitoja arvioiva testi on Movement Assessment Battery for Children-testin 2. versio (MABC-2 «Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement assessment battery for children-2 (MABC-2), 2nd edn., The Psychological Corporation 2007»1, «Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, ym. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disor»2). Lisäksi Bruininks-Oseretsky-test of Motor Proficiency-testin 2. versiota (BOT-2 «Bruininks RH, Bruininks BD. Bruininks-OseretskyTest of Motor Proficiency. 2nd edn. Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson 2005;133»3) voidaan suositella kehityksellisen koordinaatiohäiriön (DCD) diagnosointiin. Näitä motorisia taitoja mittaavia testejä European Academy of Childhood Disabilityn (EACD) asiantuntijaryhmä suosittelee DCD:n diagnostiikkaan «Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, ym. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disor»2. 

MABC-2 on käännetty usealle eri kielelle, mutta suomalaista käännöstä tai normeja ei ole vielä saatavilla. Joissakin maissa, kuten Japanissa «Kita Y, Suzuki K, Hirata S, ym. Applicability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition to Japanese children: A study of the Age Band 2. Brain Dev 2016;38(8):706-13 »4, Italiassa «Zoia S, Biancotto M, Guicciardi M, ym. An evaluation of the Movement ABC-2 Test for use in Italy: A comparison of data from Italy and the UK. Res Dev Disabil 2019;84():43-56 »5 ja Tšekissä «Psotta, R., Hendl, J., Frömel, K., & Lehnert, M. (2012). The second version of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children: A comparative study in 7-10 year old children from the Czech Republic and t»6 on ollut tarve muuttaa hieman joidenkin ikäryhmien normistoa, mutta esimerkiksi Hollannissa normit ja testin rakennevaliditeetti ovat pysyneet samanlaisina alkuperäisen testin kanssa «Niemeijer AS, van Waelvelde H, Smits-Engelsman BC. Crossing the North Sea seems to make DCD disappear: cross-validation of Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 norms. Hum Mov Sci 2015;39():177-8»7. BOT-2-testistä ei ole suomalaista virallista käännöstä eikä normeja. Uusimmat normit on kerätty saksankielisissä maissa vuonna 2014 «Vinçon S, Green D, Blank R, ym. Ecological validity of the German Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - 2nd Edition. Hum Mov Sci 2017;53():45-54 »8.

MABC-2-testin pistemäärissä ei ole havaittu sukupuolten välistä eroa toisin kuin BOT-2-testissä, jossa on sukupuolille eri pisterajat.

Molemmista testeistä on tulossa vuoden 2024 aikana päivitetyt versiot (3.0). Päivitetyissä versioissa on uudet normit. MABC-testistä liikkeen laadulliset ominaisuudet tullaan pisteyttämään ja ikäskaala laajenee 25 vuoden ikään asti. BOT-testi laajenee tasapainotehtävän osalta.

TestiMABC-2, Movement Assessment Battery for ChildrenBOT-2, Bruininks-Oseretsky-test of Motor Proficiency
p = Spearmanin korrelaatio, MABC-2-testien ICC on tutkimuksissa raportoitu standardoitujen kokonaispistemäärien perusteella
Tekijä Henderson ym. (2007) «Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement assessment battery for children-2 (MABC-2), 2nd edn., The Psychological Corporation 2007»1, «Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, ym. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disor»2Bruininks & Bruininks (2005) «Bruininks RH, Bruininks BD. Bruininks-OseretskyTest of Motor Proficiency. 2nd edn. Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson 2005;133»3
Tarkoitus Motoriikan vaikeuksien seulonta ja arviointiHieno- ja karkeamotoriikan tason arvioiminen
Ikä 3–16 v
Ikäpatteristot:
3–6 v
7–9 v
10–16 v		4–21 v
Ikänormit:
Alle 8 v (4 kuukauden välein)
8–13,11 v (puolen vuoden välein)
16–18,11 v (vuoden välein)
19–21,11 v
Testiaika 20–40 min45–60 min / 15–20 min (lyhyt versio)
Lisäksi alkujärjestelyihin tulisi varata aikaa 10–15 min
Osiot 853 (pitkä versio)
14 (lyhyt versio)
Pienten lasten testaamisessa suositellaan testin jakamista kahteen osaan
Viitearvot Iso-Britannia (n = 1 272)USA (n = 1 520)
Saksankieliset normit (Saksa, Itävalta ja Sveitsi (n = 1 177, 4–14 v 11 kk) «Vinçon S, Green D, Blank R, ym. Ecological validity of the German Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - 2nd Edition. Hum Mov Sci 2017;53():45-54 »8
Arvioitava motoriikan alue Hieno- ja karkeamotoriikka:
kädentaidot, pallon suuntaaminen ja kiinni ottaminen, tasapainotaidot
tarkistuslista taitojen laadulliseen havainnointiin		Hieno- ja karkeamotoriikka:
käden hienomotoriikka, käden koordinaatio, kehon koordinaatio, vartalon/raajojen lihasvoima ja hallinta
validoitu eri ryhmillä, myös DCD
Validiteetti Samanaikainen validiteetti
KTK r = 0,62 «Kiphard EJ, Schilling F. Körperkoordinationstest für kinder: KTK. 1974 Beltz.»9
PDMS-2 p = 0,80–0,84 (n = 141) «Folio MR, Fewell RR. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales: Examiner's Manual, ed 2. Austin, TX, PROED, 2000. »10, p = 0,63 (n = 184) «Hua J, Gu G, Meng W, ym. Age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition: exploring its usefulness in mainland China. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):801-8 »11
BOT-2 (p = 0,80, p < 0,01) «Lane H, Brown T. Convergent validity of two motor skill tests used to assess school-age children. Scand J Occup Ther 2015;22(3):161-72 »12
Zurich Neuromotor Assessment r = 0,77 (p < 0,001) «Kakebeeke TH, Knaier E, Köchli S, ym. Comparison between the Movement ABC-2 and the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment in Preschool Children. Percept Mot Skills 2016;123(3):687-701 »13
TGMD-2 ρ = 0,49 (95 % luottamusväli 0,17–0,72, p < 0,01) «Logan SW, Robinson LE, Getchell N. The comparison of performances of preschool children on two motor assessments. Percept Mot Skills 2011;113(3):715-23 »14
DCDQ'07 r = 0,60 (p < 0,001, n = 273) «Ghayour Najafabadi M, Saghaei B, Shariat A, ym. Validity and reliability of the movement assessment battery second edition test in children with and without motor impairment: A prospective cohort stud»15
Herkkyys/tarkkuus
3-vuotiaana MABC-2-tulos < 5. persentiili → DCD-diagnoosi 4,5-vuotiaana: herkkyys 89,7 % ja tarkkuus 69,1 %, positiivinen ennustearvo 38,2 % ja negatiivinen ennustearvo 96,9 % «Kwok C, Mackay M, Agnew JA, ym. Does the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 at 3 years of age predict developmental coordination disorder at 4.5 years of age in children born very preterm? Res»16
Ennenaikaisesti syntyneillä 4-vuotiaana MABC-2-tulos < 5. persentiili → 8-vuotiaana MABC-2-tulos < 5. persentiili: herkkyys 79 % (95 % luottamusväli 58–93) & tarkkuus 93 % (95 % luottamusväli 85–98), positiivinen ennustearvo 79 % (95 % luottamusväli 58–93) ja negatiivinen ennustearvo 93 % (95 % luottamusväli 85–93) «Griffiths A, Morgan P, Anderson PJ, ym. Predictive value of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition at 4 years, for motor impairment at 8 years in children born preterm. Dev Med »17		Samanaikainen validiteetti
BOT-2:n lyhyt versio ja KTK kokonaispisteet pojat (n = 1 300) r = 0,62 ja tytöt (n = 1 185) r = 0,61 «Fransen J, D'Hondt E, Bourgois J, ym. Motor competence assessment in children: convergent and discriminant validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK testing batteries. Res Dev Disabil 2014;35(6):1»24
Herkkyys/tarkkuus
BOT-2 < 13. persentiili, 91 % herkkyys (n = 60, DCD:n määritelmä: MABC-2-testin tulos < 15. persentiili) «Gharaei E, Shojaei M, Daneshfar A ym. The Validity and Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition Brief Form, in Preschool Children. AASSJ 7, 3–12. https://doi.org/1»25
Reliabiliteetti Intra-rater
3–6 v ICC = 0,79–0,85 «Ellinoudis T, Evaggelinou C, Kourtessis T, ym. Reliability and validity of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children--second edition. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32(3):1046-51 »18, «Serbetar I, Loftesnes JM, Mamen A. Reliability and Structural Validity of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 in Croatian Preschool Children. Sports (Basel) 2019;7(12): »19
ICC 0,79 (95 % luottamusväli 0,71–0,85) «Serbetar I, Loftesnes JM, Mamen A. Reliability and Structural Validity of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 in Croatian Preschool Children. Sports (Basel) 2019;7(12): »19
ICC 0,85 (95 % luottamusväli 0,77–0,91) «Ellinoudis T, Evaggelinou C, Kourtessis T, ym. Reliability and validity of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children--second edition. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32(3):1046-51 »18
7–10 v ICC = 0,68–0,87 «Holm I, Tveter AT, Aulie VS, ym. High intra- and inter-rater chance variation of the movement assessment battery for children 2, ageband 2. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):795-800 »20, «Ojari M, Bayatpour M, Van Waelvelde H ym. Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): psychometric properties for Iranian children (age band 2). Sport Sci Health 2023;19:1185–119»21
ICC 0,64 (95 % luottamusväli 0,23–0,84) «Holm I, Tveter AT, Aulie VS, ym. High intra- and inter-rater chance variation of the movement assessment battery for children 2, ageband 2. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):795-800 »20
ICC 0,87 (95 % luottamusväli 0,76–0,92) «Ojari M, Bayatpour M, Van Waelvelde H ym. Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): psychometric properties for Iranian children (age band 2). Sport Sci Health 2023;19:1185–119»21
3–13 v ICC 0,85 (n = 168) «Valentini NC, Ramalho MH, Oliveira MA. Movement assessment battery for children-2: translation, reliability, and validity for Brazilian children. Res Dev Disabil 2014;35(3):733-40 »22
4–9 v ICC 0,83 (n = 273, 95 % luottamusväli 0,78–0,86, SEM = 1,08, MDC = 1,41) «Ghayour Najafabadi M, Saghaei B, Shariat A, ym. Validity and reliability of the movement assessment battery second edition test in children with and without motor impairment: A prospective cohort stud»15
6–12 vICC 0,97 (n = 144, 95 % luottamusväli 0,96–0,98, SEM = 0,52) «Wuang YP, Su JH, Su CY. Reliability and responsiveness of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition Test in children with developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 20»23
Inter-rater
7–10 v ICC = 0,62–1,00 «Holm I, Tveter AT, Aulie VS, ym. High intra- and inter-rater chance variation of the movement assessment battery for children 2, ageband 2. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):795-800 »20, «Ojari M, Bayatpour M, Van Waelvelde H ym. Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): psychometric properties for Iranian children (age band 2). Sport Sci Health 2023;19:1185–119»21
ICC 0,63 (95 % luottamusväli 0,36–0,80) «Holm I, Tveter AT, Aulie VS, ym. High intra- and inter-rater chance variation of the movement assessment battery for children 2, ageband 2. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):795-800 »20
ICC 0,998 (n = 48, 95 % luottamusväli 0,996–0,999) 6
3–13 v ICC = 0,96–0,99 «Ojari M, Bayatpour M, Van Waelvelde H ym. Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): psychometric properties for Iranian children (age band 2). Sport Sci Health 2023;19:1185–119»21		Intra-rater
Lyhyt versio ICC = 0,81–0,86 «Gharaei E, Shojaei M, Daneshfar A ym. The Validity and Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition Brief Form, in Preschool Children. AASSJ 7, 3–12. https://doi.org/1»25, «Köse B, Şahin S, Karabulut E ym. Turkish Version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 Brief Form: Its Validity and Reliability in Children with Specific Learning Disability. Bezmialem Sc»26, «Nocera VG, Wood AP, Wozencroft AJ, ym. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome-A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public H»27
ICC 0,81 (n = 50, ikä = 4–7 v, 95 % luottamusväli 0,69–0,89) «Gharaei E, Shojaei M, Daneshfar A ym. The Validity and Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition Brief Form, in Preschool Children. AASSJ 7, 3–12. https://doi.org/1»25
ICC 0,83 (n = 137, ikä = 6–14 v) «Köse B, Şahin S, Karabulut E ym. Turkish Version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 Brief Form: Its Validity and Reliability in Children with Specific Learning Disability. Bezmialem Sc»26
kokonaispisteet ICC 0,86 (n = 10, ikä = 13,1–20,7 v, 95 % luottamusväli 0,54–0,96, SEM 0,64), persentiili ICC 0,84 (n = 10, ikä = 13,1–20,7 v, 95 % luottamusväli 0,50–0,96) «Nocera VG, Wood AP, Wozencroft AJ, ym. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome-A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public H»27
Inter-rater
Lyhyt versio ICC = 1,00 (n = 25, ikä = 6–14 v) «Nocera VG, Wood AP, Wozencroft AJ, ym. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome-A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public H»27
Mahdolliset rajoitteet «Griffiths A, Morgan P, Anderson PJ, ym. Predictive value of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition at 4 years, for motor impairment at 8 years in children born preterm. Dev Med »17 Pitkittäistutkimusasetelmissa lasten mahdollinen siirtyminen ikäpatteristosta toiseen, lisäksi jos ensimmäisen luokan (6- ja 7-v.) tai neljännen luokan (9- ja 10-v.) oppilaita verrataan toisiinsa.
Ensimmäisen ikäpatteriston (3–6-v.) osalta etenkin 6-vuotiaille osa tehtävistä voi olla jo liian helppoja (kattoefekti)		Joidenkin osioiden heikko toistettavuus
Pisteytysprosessi on työläs ja aikaa vievä
4-vuotiaille osa tehtävistä voi olla liian vaikeita (lattiaefekti)
Pitkä versio voi olla liian työläs lapsille, joilla on tarkkaavuuden pulmia
Pitkän version toistettavuudesta vain vähän tietoa

Kirjallisuutta

  1. Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement assessment battery for children-2 (MABC-2), 2nd edn., The Psychological Corporation 2007
  2. Blank R, Barnett AL, Cairney J, ym. International clinical practice recommendations on the definition, diagnosis, assessment, intervention, and psychosocial aspects of developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019;61(3):242-285 «PMID: 30671947»PubMed
  3. Bruininks RH, Bruininks BD. Bruininks-OseretskyTest of Motor Proficiency. 2nd edn. Manual. Minneapolis, MN: Pearson 2005;133
  4. Kita Y, Suzuki K, Hirata S, ym. Applicability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition to Japanese children: A study of the Age Band 2. Brain Dev 2016;38(8):706-13 «PMID: 26968347»PubMed
  5. Zoia S, Biancotto M, Guicciardi M, ym. An evaluation of the Movement ABC-2 Test for use in Italy: A comparison of data from Italy and the UK. Res Dev Disabil 2019;84():43-56 «PMID: 29716782»PubMed
  6. Psotta, R., Hendl, J., Frömel, K., & Lehnert, M. (2012). The second version of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children: A comparative study in 7-10 year old children from the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis. Gymnica, 42(4), 19-27.
  7. Niemeijer AS, van Waelvelde H, Smits-Engelsman BC. Crossing the North Sea seems to make DCD disappear: cross-validation of Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 norms. Hum Mov Sci 2015;39():177-88 «PMID: 25485766»PubMed
  8. Vinçon S, Green D, Blank R, ym. Ecological validity of the German Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - 2nd Edition. Hum Mov Sci 2017;53():45-54 «PMID: 27832925»PubMed
  9. Kiphard EJ, Schilling F. Körperkoordinationstest für kinder: KTK. 1974 Beltz.
  10. Folio MR, Fewell RR. Peabody Developmental Motor Scales: Examiner's Manual, ed 2. Austin, TX, PROED, 2000.
  11. Hua J, Gu G, Meng W, ym. Age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition: exploring its usefulness in mainland China. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):801-8 «PMID: 23220119»PubMed
  12. Lane H, Brown T. Convergent validity of two motor skill tests used to assess school-age children. Scand J Occup Ther 2015;22(3):161-72 «PMID: 25328127»PubMed
  13. Kakebeeke TH, Knaier E, Köchli S, ym. Comparison between the Movement ABC-2 and the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment in Preschool Children. Percept Mot Skills 2016;123(3):687-701 «PMID: 27590495»PubMed
  14. Logan SW, Robinson LE, Getchell N. The comparison of performances of preschool children on two motor assessments. Percept Mot Skills 2011;113(3):715-23 «PMID: 22403917»PubMed
  15. Ghayour Najafabadi M, Saghaei B, Shariat A, ym. Validity and reliability of the movement assessment battery second edition test in children with and without motor impairment: A prospective cohort study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022;77():103672 «PMID: 35638021»PubMed
  16. Kwok C, Mackay M, Agnew JA, ym. Does the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 at 3 years of age predict developmental coordination disorder at 4.5 years of age in children born very preterm? Res Dev Disabil 2019;84():36-42 «PMID: 29653831»PubMed
  17. Griffiths A, Morgan P, Anderson PJ, ym. Predictive value of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition at 4 years, for motor impairment at 8 years in children born preterm. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017;59(5):490-496 «PMID: 28066897»PubMed
  18. Ellinoudis T, Evaggelinou C, Kourtessis T, ym. Reliability and validity of age band 1 of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children--second edition. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32(3):1046-51 «PMID: 21333488»PubMed
  19. Serbetar I, Loftesnes JM, Mamen A. Reliability and Structural Validity of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 in Croatian Preschool Children. Sports (Basel) 2019;7(12): «PMID: 31835726»PubMed
  20. Holm I, Tveter AT, Aulie VS, ym. High intra- and inter-rater chance variation of the movement assessment battery for children 2, ageband 2. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(2):795-800 «PMID: 23220056»PubMed
  21. Ojari M, Bayatpour M, Van Waelvelde H ym. Movement Assessment Battery for Children—Second Edition (MABC-2): psychometric properties for Iranian children (age band 2). Sport Sci Health 2023;19:1185–1192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-023-01048-w
  22. Valentini NC, Ramalho MH, Oliveira MA. Movement assessment battery for children-2: translation, reliability, and validity for Brazilian children. Res Dev Disabil 2014;35(3):733-40 «PMID: 24290814»PubMed
  23. Wuang YP, Su JH, Su CY. Reliability and responsiveness of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-Second Edition Test in children with developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012;54(2):160-5 «PMID: 22224668»PubMed
  24. Fransen J, D'Hondt E, Bourgois J, ym. Motor competence assessment in children: convergent and discriminant validity between the BOT-2 Short Form and KTK testing batteries. Res Dev Disabil 2014;35(6):1375-83 «PMID: 24713517»PubMed
  25. Gharaei E, Shojaei M, Daneshfar A ym. The Validity and Reliability of the Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd Edition Brief Form, in Preschool Children. AASSJ 7, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.29252/aassjournal.7.2.3
  26. Köse B, Şahin S, Karabulut E ym. Turkish Version of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2 Brief Form: Its Validity and Reliability in Children with Specific Learning Disability. Bezmialem Science 2021;9:198–204
  27. Nocera VG, Wood AP, Wozencroft AJ, ym. The Test-Retest Reliability of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Short Form in Youth with Down Syndrome-A Pilot Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(10): «PMID: 34069921»PubMed