Lisätietoa aiheesta

Aivokuvantamis- ja neurofysiologiset tutkimukset kehityksellisessä koordinaatiohäiriössä (DCD)

Lisätietoa aiheesta
5.6.2024
Helena Mäenpää
Taulukko 1. Aivokuvantamiset ja neurofysiologiset tutkimukset DCD:ssä (mukailtu lähteestä Yildirim ym. 2021 «Yildirim C, Acar G, Pola M, Gene , Mete E, Kaygusuz R, Yazıcı CG. Neuroimaging in Developmental Coordination Disorder: Turk J Neurol 2021;27:5-16»1)
First author, journal, year, countryParticipants (number, age range, mean age)Inclusion and exclusion criteriaNeuro-imaging techniqueNeuroimaging results
DCD: Developmental coordination disorder, pDCD=probable, TDC: Typically developing children, ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, MABC: Movement Assessment Battery for Children, DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fMRI: Functional magnetic resonance imaging, MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging, DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging, EEG: Electroencephalografi, NIRS: Near-infrared spectroscopy fNIRS: Functional near- infrared spectroscopy, TMS:Transcranial magnetic stimulation, MNS: Mirror neuron system, DD: Developmental dyslexia. MAND = McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development, Dyspraxia/Developmental Coordination Disorder Checklist (ADC-Checklist).
Lloyd et al., Magn Reson Med, 2010, UK «Lloyd W, Mon-Williams M, Waiter GD, Williams JH. Developmental coordination disorder: A voxel-based MRI study of neural correlates. Magn Reson Med 2010;18:1»2DCD: 14
Age: 8-13 (10.7±2.7)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16 percentileStructural
MRI		A negative correlation was found between the cerebellar posterior lobe gray matter volume and the root mean square error score
Langevin et al., Dev Med Child Neurol, 2015, Canada «Langevin LM, MacMaster FP, Dewey D. Distinct patterns of cortical thinning in concurrent motor and attention disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015;57(3):257-64 »3DCD: 14
Age: 8-17 (9.9±1.7)
DCD + ADHD: 10 Age: 8-17 (9.7±2.3) ADHD: 10
Age: 8-17 (9.9±1.3)
TDC: 14
Age: 8-17 (11.2±3)		DCD: MABC-2
< 16 percentile,
TDC MABC-2 > 25th percentile ADHD: Being diagnosed as having ADHD according to the DSM-V criteria		Structural
MRI		Less parietal, temporal and frontal cortical thickness was detected in the DCD + ADHD group compared to the other groups
Caeyenberghs et al., Dev Sci, 2016, Australia «Caeyenberghs K, Taymans T, Wilson PH, ym. Neural signature of developmental coordination disorder in the structural connectome independent of comorbid autism. Dev Sci 2016;19(4):599-612 »4DCD: 11
ASD: 15
DCD + ASD: 8
TDC: 19
Age: 8-12 years		DCD: Being diagnosed as having DCD according to the DSM-IV criteria IQ >75Structural
MRI		There was a difference between the DCD, ASD and DCD + ASD groups and TDC in terms of the clustering coefficient of brain gray matter volume, which was an indicator of brain connections.
An increase in clustering coefficient was detected in the right inferior frontal gyrus in the ASD group,
in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the DCD group, and in the left temporal cortex and right medial orbitofrontal cortex in the DCD + ASD group It has been found that increase in clustering coefficient indicates dysfunction in neural mechanisms and is associated with poor performance in motor tasks.
Reynolds et al., Int J Dev Neurosci, 2017, Australia «Reynolds JE, Licari MK, Reid SL, et al. Reduced relative volume in motor and attention regions in developmental coordination disorder: A voxelbased morphometry study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017;58:59-64»5DCD: 22
Age: 8-12 (9.9±1.1)
TDC: 22
Age: 8-12 (9.7±1.2)		DCD: MABC-2, < 16 percentile,
TDC: MABC-2, > 25th percentile
Not having a diagnosis of ADH		Structural
MRI		It was determined that the gray matter volume in the frontal cortex of children with DCD was lower than the TDC children
Grohs et al., Brain Imaging and Behavior,2021, Canada «Grohs MN, Lebel C, Carlson HL, ym. Subcortical brain structure in children with developmental coordination disorder: A T1-weighted volumetric study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021;15(6):2756-2765 »6Cohort I: Recruited 5/12-8/12
DCD: 19 Age: 8 -12 (9.7 ±1.3);
TDC: 19 Age 8-12 (10.4 ± 1.3)
Cohort II: Recruited 6/18-10/19
DCD: 18 Age 8-13 (10.2 ± 1.3)
TDC 29 (10.1 ± 1.7)		DCD: MABC-2, < 16 percentile,
TDC: MABC-2, > 25th percentile 		Structural
MRI		Smaller brain volumes subcortical structure, within both the left and right pallidum among a sample of children with DCD than TDC group.
Lê, M. et al., Dev. Sci., 2021, France «Lê M, Blais M, Jucla M, ym. Procedural learning and retention of audio-verbal temporal sequence is altered in children with developmental coordination disorder but cortical thickness matters. Dev Sci »7DCD: 11 (9.8 ± 1.1);
TDC 19 (10.1 ± 1.39)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
TDC: MABC2 ≥ 25th percentile
ADHD, specific language impairment, and developmental dyslexia were excluded in both groups		Structural
MRI		Brain-behavior correlations on three ROIs (sensorimotor, frontal and parietal regions), especially on the sensorimotor regions, suggest that the cortical thickness of these regions could predict the level of audio-verbal synchronization during learning of non-regular sequences
Koch et al., Exp Brain Res, 2018, Portugal «Koch JKL, Miguel H, Smiley-Oyen AL. Prefrontal activation during Stroop and Wisconsin card sort tasks in children with developmental coordination disorder: a NIRS study. Exp Brain Res 2018;236(11):305»8DCD: 10
Age: 8-12 years (9.9±1.2)
TDC: 10
Age: 8-12 years (10.01±1.1)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
TDC: MABC2 ≥ 25th percentile
Those who did not have developmental, neurological or learning problems		NIRSDorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was found to be higher in children with DCD compared to TDC
Caçola et al., Int J Dev Neurosci, 2018, USA «Caçola P, Getchell N, Srinivasan D, ym. Cortical activity in fine-motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A preliminary fNIRS study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018;65():83-90 »9DCD: 10
Age: 8-12 years (8.46±0.97)
TDC: 10
Age: 8-12 years (8.22±0.86)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
TDC: MABC2 ≥ 25th percentile
Those who did not have developmental, neurological or learning problems		fNIRSAccording to fNIRS findings, it was determined that there was more activation in the primary motor cortex and premotor cortex areas in the TDC group compared to the DCD group, both contralaterally and ipsilatererally
In addition, it was observed that the activated areas in the DCD group were mostly on the ipsilateral side
Querne et al., Brain Res, 2008, France «Querne L, Berquin P, Vernier-Hauvette MP, ym. Dysfunction of the attentional brain network in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: a fMRI study. Brain Res 2008;1244():89-102 »10DCD: 9 Age: 8.0-12.9 (9.9±1.8)
TDC: 10 Age: 8.2-11.6 (10.0±1.1)		DCD: Having a diagnosis of DCD according to DSM-IV criteria
Not having neurological and psychiatric disorders (e.g. cerebral lesion, ADHD) IQ >80		fMRIIn children with DCD compared to TDC: Increased activation in the left hemisphere in the middle frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and inferior parietal cortex; decreased activation in the striatum and parietal cortex in the right hemisphere
Kashiwagi et al., Neuroreport, 2009, Japan «Kashiwagi M, Iwaki S, Narumi Y, ym. Parietal dysfunction in developmental coordination disorder: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2009;20(15):1319-24 »11DCD: 12 Age: 9-12 (11.4±1.6)
TDC: 12 Age: 9-12 (11.2±1.3)		DCD: Having a diagnosis of DCD according to DSM-IV criteria MABC 90 fMRILess activation was found in the left parietal cortex and left postcentral gyrus in the group with DCD compared to the TDC group. Similar activation rates were observed in both groups in the cerebellum and basal ganglia areas
Zwicker et al., Pediatrics, 2010, Canada «Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, ym. Brain activation of children with developmental coordination disorder is different than peers. Pediatrics 2010;126(3):e678-86 »12DCD: 7 Age: 8-12 (10.8±1.5)
TDC: 7 Age: 8-12 (10.9±1.5)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 16th percentile
TDC: MABC-2 > 25th percentile IQ >80 Not having a diagnosis of ADHD		fMRIAlthough both groups were given the same motor tasks, it was observed that different areas were activated in both groups. More cortical activation was detected in the left parietal lobe, right middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus, right cerebellar lobe areas in DCD group compared to the TDC group, while in the TDC group, more cortical activation was detected in the left superior and inferior frontal gyrus than in the DCD group
Zwicker et al., Int J Dev Neurosci, 2011, Canada «Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, ym. Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: an fMRI study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011;29(2):145-52 »13DCD: 7 Age: 8-12 (10.8±1.5)
TDC: 7 Age: 8-12 (10.9±1.5)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 16th percentile
TDC: MABC-2 > 25th percentile IQ >80
Not having a diagnosis of ADHD		fMRIThe DCD group showed less cortical activation in the cerebellar, parietal and frontal areas than the TDC group
Debrabant et al., Res Dev Disabil, 2013, Belgium «Debrabant J, Gheysen F, Caeyenberghs K, ym. Neural underpinnings of impaired predictive motor timing in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(5):1478-87 »14DCD: 17 Age: 7-10 (9.4±0.6)
TDC: 17 Age: 7-10 (9.2±0.9)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
TDC: MABC-2 > 16th percentile IQ > 85 Not having a diagnosis of ADHD		fMRIDuring motor tasks, less cortical activation was found in the cerebellar areas in the DCD group compared to the TDC group
McLeod et al., Neuroimage Clin, 2014, Canada «McLeod KR, Langevin LM, Goodyear BG, ym. Functional connectivity of neural motor networks is disrupted in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder»15DCD: 7 Age: 8-17 (13.0±2.5) ADHD: 21 Age: 8-17 (12.5±2.9) DCD + ADHD: 18 Age: 8-17 (11.5±3.0)
TDC: 23 Age: 8-17 (11.3±2.8)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16th percentile, IQ > 80 ADHD: Being diagnosed as having ADHD according to the DSM-V criteriaResting-state fMRIAtypical neural connections were found in the sensory-motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglion areas in the DCD group and DCD + ADHD group compared to the TDC group
Licari et al., Exp Brain Res, 2015, Australia «Licari MK, Billington J, Reid SL, ym. Cortical functioning in children with developmental coordination disorder: a motor overflow study. Exp Brain Res 2015;233(6):1703-10 »16DCD: 13 Age: 8-10 (9.6±0.8)
TDC: 13 Age: 8-10 (9.3±0.6)		DCD: MABC-2 15th percentile
Not having a diagnosis of ADHD		fMRILess cortical activation was detected in the right postcentral gyrus and left superior and inferior frontal gyri, and deficits were observed in the mirror neuron system in the DCD group
Biotteau et al., Eur Journal of Paediatr Neurol, 2017, France «Biotteau M, Péran P, Vayssière N, ym. Neural changes associated to procedural learning and automatization process in Developmental Coordination Disorder and/or Developmental Dyslexia. Eur J Paediatr N»17DCD: 16 Age: 8-12 (9.6±1.7) DCD + DD: 16 Age: 8-12 (9.9±1.1)
TDC: 16 Age: 8-12 (10.3±1.3)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
DD: MABC-2 > 16th percentile IQ >85
Not having a diagnosis of ADHD		fMRIIncreased activation was found in the premotor cortex in the DCD and DD groups
McLeod et al., Neuroimage Clin, 2016, Canada «McLeod KR, Langevin LM, Dewey D, ym. Atypical within- and between-hemisphere motor network functional connections in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivi»18DCD: 6 Age: 8-16 (13±2.8)
DCD + ADHD: 14 Age: 8-16 (11.3±3.8) ADHD: 19 Age: 8-16 (12.4±3.1)
TDC: 21 Age: 8-16 (11±2.8)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16th percentile.
ADHD: Being diagnosed as having ADHD according to the DSM-V criteria 		Resting-state fMRIIn the DCD+ADHD group, the bilateral middle frontal gyrus and inferior lateral occipital cortex had stronger functional connections with the left sensory-motor cortex, whereas in the DCD and ADHD groups these regions were equally connected with the left and right sensory-motor cortex.
Kashuk et al, 2017Behav Brain Res «Kashuk SR, Williams J, Thorpe G, ym. Diminished motor imagery capability in adults with motor impairment: An fMRI mental rotation study. Behav Brain Res 2017;334():86-96 »19pDCD: 12 Age 18-40 (mean age 24.5)
TD: 11 Age 18-40 (mean age 26.7)		pDCD: MAND ≤ 85 (< 16th percentile ) ADC Checklist
TD: MAND < 85		fMRIGreater activation in controls compared to the pDCD group in the occipito-parietal and parieto-frontal networks including the middle frontal gyrus bilaterally, the left superior parietal lobe as well as in the cerebellum (lobule VI).
The pattern of reduced activation in adults with pDCD suggest atypical activation in frontal, parietal and cerebellar areas, and supports the theory that this type of impairment may be associated with disruption of parieto-frontal and parieto-cerebellar networks.
Thornton et al., Hum Mov Sci, 2018, Canada «Thornton S, Bray S, Langevin LM, ym. Functional brain correlates of motor response inhibition in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Hum Mov»20DCD: 9 Age: 8-12 (10.55±1.67)
DCD + ADHD: 18 Age: 8-12 (10.94±2.62)
ADHD: 20 Age: 8-16 (13.5±2.74)
TDC: 20 Age: 8-12 (10.2±2.8)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16 percentile,
ADHD: Being diagnosed as having ADHD according to the DSM-V criteria		fMRILess activation was detected in the primary sensory and motor cortex areas of the DCD, DCD + ADHD, and ADHD groups compared to the TDC group
Reynolds et al., Int J Dev Neurosci, 2015, Australia «Reynolds JE, Licari MK, Billington J, ym. Mirror neuron activation in children with developmental coordination disorder: A functional MRI study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015;47(Pt B):309-19 »21DCD: 10 Age: 8-12 (10.18±1.3)
TDC: 9 Age: 8-12 (10.4±1.17)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16th percentile
TDC > 25th percentile		fMRIIt was determined that there were deficits in the mirror neuron system in the DCD group, and therefore it was suggested that children with DCD had problems in motor imagery
Rinat et al., NeuroImage:Clinical, 2020, Canada «Rinat et al., NeuroImage:Clinical, 2020, Canada»22DCD: 35 Age: 8-12,
with and without co-occuring ADHD)
TDC: 23
Age: 8-12 		DCD: MABC-2 < 16th percentile
TDC > 25th percentile
Exclusion criteria:
born pre-term < 37 weeks
diagnosed with ASD (or ADHD) or intellectual disability		Resting MRIThe results indicate a disruption in functional connectivity in DCD in two main regions connected to the sensorimotor network: one is located at the posterior cingulate cortex, extending to the precuneus, and the other is located in pMTG. These results suggest that the neural impairment seen in DCD is predominantly in the sensorimotor network.
Zwicker et al., Pediatr Neurol, 2012, Canada «Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, ym. Developmental coordination disorder: a pilot diffusion tensor imaging study. Pediatr Neurol 2012;46(3):162-7 »23DCD: 7
Age: 8-12 (10.2±1.6)
TDC: 9
Age: 8-12 (10.4±1.7)		DCD: MABC-2
< 16 percentile
Kaufman Brief Intelligence test > 80 Conner Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic scale < 70		DTIThe average mean diffusivity amount in the corticospinal tract was found to be lower in children with DCD than in TDC.
A positive correlation was found between axial diffusivity of the corticospinal tract and posterior thalamic radiation and MABC-2 scores
Langevin et al., J Pediatr, 2014, Canada «Langevin LM, Macmaster FP, Crawford S, ym. Common white matter microstructure alterations in pediatric motor and attention disorders. J Pediatr 2014;164(5):1157-1164.e1 »24DCD: 9
Age: 8-12 (11.5±3.18)
ADHD: 23
Age: 8-12 (12.22±2.68)
DCD + ADHD: 26 Age: 8-12 (11.78±2.99)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16 percentile,
ADHD: Conners' Parent Rating scale >95th percentile		DTIDecreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the parietal lobe in children with DCD. Decreased FA was found in the frontal lobe in children with ADHD.
Decreased FA was found in both parietal and frontal lobes in children with DCD + ADHD
Williams et al., Neuroreport, 2017, Australia «Williams J, Kashuk SR, Wilson PH, ym. White matter alterations in adults with probable developmental coordination disorder: an MRI diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuroreport 2017;28(2):87-92 »25DCD: 7
Age: 18-40 (24.5±7.6)
Control group: 9
Age: 18-40 (26.7±5.5)		DCD: McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development ≤ 85 .
Not having a diagnosis of autism, Asperger's sdr or ADHD
Control group: McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development > 85.
Not having a diagnosis of autism, Asperger's syndrome or ADHD 		DTIA significant decrease was detected in the fractional anisotropy of white matter in the corticospinal tract and superior longitudinal fasciculus in the DCD group, and there was a significant decrease in the mean diffusivity of the white matter in the internal capsule and inferior longitudinal fasciculus in the DCD group compared to the control group.
Debrabant et al., J Pediatr, 2016, Belgium «Debrabant J, Vingerhoets G, Van Waelvelde H, ym. Brain Connectomics of Visual-Motor Deficits in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Pediatr 2016;169():21-7.e2 »26DCD: 21
Age: 8-10 years (9.2±1.1)
TDC: 20
Age: 8-10 years (9.4±1.7)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentileDTIFractional anisotropy in the visual-motor tracts was lower in the DCD group.
Hyde et al., Neuroimage Clin, 2019, Australia «Hyde C, Fuelscher I, Enticott PG, ym. White matter organization in developmental coordination disorder: A pilot study exploring the added value of constrained spherical deconvolution. Neuroimage Clin »27DCD: 7
Age: 18-46 years (23.29±4.31)
Control group: 12 Age: 18-46 years (26.16±4.34)		DCD: Being diagnosed as having DCD according to the DSM-V criteriaDTIAxon diameters and numbers in the left Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus (SLF) were lower in the DCD group than the control group, and a trend for a decrease in the volume of the right SLF was detected in the DCD group. A positive correlation was found between this decrease and deficiencies in motor skills.
Motor impairment characteristic of DCD may be subserved by white matter abnormalities in sensorimotor tracts, specifically the left and right SLF.
Hyde et al.Res Dev Diasabil, 2018, Australia «Hyde et al.Res Dev Diasabil, 2018, Australia»28DCD: 8 Age 20-33 years, mean age 24.29; SD = 4.49
Control group: 21 Age 18-36 years, mean age= 25.00; SD = 4.82		DCD: according to the DSM-V criteria for adults
BOT-2 s at or below the 15th percentile
ADC-Checklist
Control group: McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development > 85.		TMSThe DCD group used motor imagery less efficiently than controls that was evidenced by poorer performance on the hand laterality task. Unlike controls, individuals with DCD who used motor imagery did not show evidence of corticospinal excitability modulation while performing the hand lateralization task.
Lust et al., Child Care Health Dev, 2006, Holland «Lust JM, Geuze RH, Wijers AA, ym. An EEG study of mental rotation-related negativity in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Child Care Health Dev 2006;32(6):649-63 »29DCD: 10
Age: 8-12 years (10.4±1.1)
TDC: 7
Age: 8-12 years (9.6±1.7)
Adult group: 14 Age: 19-29 years (22.4±4.7)		DCD: MABC-2 < 16percentile EEGIn the test estimating the right and left hand pictures rotated in 45 degrees in right and left directions; while accurate prediction, response times and EEG activations were found similar in the DCD and TDC groups, better results were obtained in the adult group and it was found that this test showed age-related changes
DeCastalneu et al., Hum Mov Sci, 2008, France «de Castelnau P, Albaret JM, Chaix Y, ym. A study of EEG coherence in DCD children during motor synchronization task. Hum Mov Sci 2008;27(2):230-41 »30DCD: 24
(3 age groups of
8-9, 10-11 and
12-13 years)
TDC: 24 (3 age groups of 8-9, 10-11 and 12-13 years)		DCD: Being diagnosed as having DCD according to the DSM-V criteria MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile IQ > 80EEGAccording to the EEG findings, it was found that intrahemispheric connections between the frontal central areas increased more in only the 8-9 age group with DCD compared to the other groups
According to these findings, it appeared that younger children with DCD needed a high level of pre-programming to compensate for difficulties in perceptual motor and executive functions of movement related to coordination disorders
No significant difference was found between the groups according to EEG findings for interhemispheric connections
Tsai et al., Dev Med Child Neurol, 2012, Taiwan «Tsai CL, Chang YK, Hung TM, ym. The neurophysiological performance of visuospatial working memory in children with developmental coordination disorder. Dev Med Child Neurol 2012;54(12):1114-20 »31DCD: 24
Age: 8-16 years (11.4±2.1)
TDC: 30
Age: 8-16 years (11.8±2.7)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
Not being diagnosed as having autism or ADHD		EEGIt was found that children with DCD had a prolonged reaction time and EEG activation was lower than TDC, and it was observed that children with DCD made less effort in the evaluation and response process and used less neural resources to compensate for mistakes.
Lust et al,Frontiers in Human Sciense, 2019, Australia «Lust JM, van Schie HT, Wilson PH, ym. Activation of Mirror Neuron Regions Is Altered in Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)-Neurophysiological Evidence Using an Action Observation Paradigm. Fron»32DCD:15
TDC: 15		DCD: MABC-2 < 16th percentileEEG
(event-related desynchronization (ERD) of mu rhythms and fronto-parietal coherence)		Topographic representation of the maximal difference in averaged mu power over sensorimotor regions between the imitation task and the detection task for controls.
Clear MNS dysfunction in DCD in behaviour, mu power and mu coherence
Pangelinan et al., J Neurophysiol, 2013, France «Pangelinan MM, Hatfield BD, Clark JE. Differences in movement-related cortical activation patterns underlying motor performance in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. J Neur»33DCD: 14
Age: 6-12 years (10.2±2.1)
TDC: 20
Age: 6-12 years (9.8±2.2)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
The patients whose dominant hand was found to be the right hand according to the Fagard and Corroyer 2003 Handedness test TDC: MABC2 ≥ 25th percentile Those who did not have developmental, neurological and learning problems and were right-handed		EEGYounger children (6-8 years) with DCD had less cortical activation areas and lower EEG frequency amplitudes. Compensatory cortical activation areas were found to be more and EEG frequency amplitudes higher in older patients with DCD (10-12 years).
It has been determined that this behavioral change is to show better motor performance
Fong et al., Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, China «Fong SSM, Chung JWY, Cheng YTY, ym. Attention during functional tasks is associated with motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Balt»34DCD: 86
Age: 6-10 years (7.9±1.7) T
TDC: 99
Age: 6-10 years (7.4±1.6)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency ≤ 42		EEGEEG values of children with DCD were found to be lower than the TDC group.
Blais et al., Dev Sci, 2018, France «Blais M, Amarantini D, Albaret JM, Chaix Y, Tallet J. Atypical interhemispheric communication correlates with altered motor inhibition during learning of a new bimanual coordination pattern in deficit»35DCD: 10
Age: 12-16 years (13.49±1.76)
TDC: 10
Age: 12-16 years (13.47±1.39)		DCD: MABC-2 ≤ 5th percentile
Not having a diagnosis of ADHD according to the DSM-5 criteria		EEGAccording to the EEG findings, the intrahemispheric connections of both groups were found to be similar, while the number of interhemispheric connections of the DCD group was found to be lower than the TDC group

Kirjallisuutta

  1. Yildirim C, Acar G, Pola M, Gene , Mete E, Kaygusuz R, Yazıcı CG. Neuroimaging in Developmental Coordination Disorder: Turk J Neurol 2021;27:5-16
  2. Lloyd W, Mon-Williams M, Waiter GD, Williams JH. Developmental coordination disorder: A voxel-based MRI study of neural correlates. Magn Reson Med 2010;18:1
  3. Langevin LM, MacMaster FP, Dewey D. Distinct patterns of cortical thinning in concurrent motor and attention disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015;57(3):257-64 «PMID: 25154294»PubMed
  4. Caeyenberghs K, Taymans T, Wilson PH, ym. Neural signature of developmental coordination disorder in the structural connectome independent of comorbid autism. Dev Sci 2016;19(4):599-612 «PMID: 27147441»PubMed
  5. Reynolds JE, Licari MK, Reid SL, et al. Reduced relative volume in motor and attention regions in developmental coordination disorder: A voxelbased morphometry study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017;58:59-64
  6. Grohs MN, Lebel C, Carlson HL, ym. Subcortical brain structure in children with developmental coordination disorder: A T1-weighted volumetric study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021;15(6):2756-2765 «PMID: 34386927»PubMed
  7. Lê M, Blais M, Jucla M, ym. Procedural learning and retention of audio-verbal temporal sequence is altered in children with developmental coordination disorder but cortical thickness matters. Dev Sci 2021;24(1):e13009 «PMID: 32573893»PubMed
  8. Koch JKL, Miguel H, Smiley-Oyen AL. Prefrontal activation during Stroop and Wisconsin card sort tasks in children with developmental coordination disorder: a NIRS study. Exp Brain Res 2018;236(11):3053-3064 «PMID: 30121740»PubMed
  9. Caçola P, Getchell N, Srinivasan D, ym. Cortical activity in fine-motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A preliminary fNIRS study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018;65():83-90 «PMID: 29126862»PubMed
  10. Querne L, Berquin P, Vernier-Hauvette MP, ym. Dysfunction of the attentional brain network in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: a fMRI study. Brain Res 2008;1244():89-102 «PMID: 18718456»PubMed
  11. Kashiwagi M, Iwaki S, Narumi Y, ym. Parietal dysfunction in developmental coordination disorder: a functional MRI study. Neuroreport 2009;20(15):1319-24 «PMID: 19730138»PubMed
  12. Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, ym. Brain activation of children with developmental coordination disorder is different than peers. Pediatrics 2010;126(3):e678-86 «PMID: 20713484»PubMed
  13. Zwicker JG, Missiuna C, Harris SR, ym. Brain activation associated with motor skill practice in children with developmental coordination disorder: an fMRI study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011;29(2):145-52 «PMID: 21145385»PubMed
  14. Debrabant J, Gheysen F, Caeyenberghs K, ym. Neural underpinnings of impaired predictive motor timing in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Res Dev Disabil 2013;34(5):1478-87 «PMID: 23474999»PubMed
  15. McLeod KR, Langevin LM, Goodyear BG, ym. Functional connectivity of neural motor networks is disrupted in children with developmental coordination disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2014;4():566-75 «PMID: 24818082»PubMed
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